However, taking the historical changes in psychological understandings as a starting-point, and then exploring how these have affected such areas as clinical practice, ASD self-image, and prejudice in a single national context, would be more manageable. Attempting to describe all the various views on autism and how they intersect, build on, contradict and influence each other would be a massive undertaking far beyond the scope of a single article. ASD-individuals are frequently portrayed in the media, and some of those diagnosed have formed groups such as the “aspie” societies. This is especially relevant during the first years of kindergarten, since an early diagnosis can be critical to get help and support from different relevant institutions. At the same time, public awareness has grown, both in terms of knowledge and information. Adding to this complexity are many habitually occurring comorbid conditions and clinical correlations ( 2, 3). However, no cases with ASD are identical and the profiles are extremely heterogeneous. Seventy years separate Kanner's first description of autism, to our current designation of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and in that time, rates of diagnoses have increased exponentially as better knowledge has improved our detection. Despite these increased rates of diagnosis, we are still largely in the dark when it comes to understanding autism, and in order to capably address the needs of children with autism spectrum disorder properly, we must maintain focus on the autistic enigma.Īutism as a phenomenon has been understood in a number of different ways since its first description in 1943, both by scholars, professionals, laypeople and the individuals with autism themselves. The numbers as recently as 2012 were 1 in 730 and 1 in 5,098, respectively, meaning a near doubling for males, and a near trebling for females in just a handful of years ( 1). Most recently, it has been estimated that, among preschoolers in the Oslo area in Norway, 1 in 384 males and 1 in 1,722 females had Autism/ASD ( 1). The profile variability of the autistic spectrum is especially intriguing to many scholars mainly because of the sharp increase in diagnoses in recent years. Special education and special needs are immensely varied fields, dealing with issues such as blindness, cerebral palsy, dyslexia, cystic fibrosis or autism spectrum disorder. This current scoping review article intends to provide a view on the evolution of the concept of autism and the current stance within Norwegian scholarship, and how it is shaped by international discourses and cultural diversities Such changing concepts especially impacts people with the diagnosis, as it can affect their access to social services, as well as their self-identification as people with ASD. In addition, the diagnosing of autism spectrum disorders is mainly based on observation and behavioral interpretation, and thus dependent on subjective perceptions of the clinicians themselves. This might be due to heterogeneity of the cases. Autism has been the subject of several misapprehensions and misrepresentations throughout history. However, there is no reason to think there has been any change in occurrence over the last 70 years, suggesting rather an increase in our knowledge and awareness. The rates of diagnoses of autism have increased greatly. Throughout these shifting understandings, there have been a number of behaviors and diagnostic criteria associated with the condition, many of which are missing in the most recent classifications. The common understanding of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has gone through a number of permutations since the first description in 1943.
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